所謂好事多磨,在幾經轉折之下,終於在1.5人缺席的情況下,舉行了第二次Hannah Arendt—The Human Condition讀書組。由於本人記性不佳,兼且此讀書組每次相約之間相距較遠,所以試著作一點紀錄,記下我能憶及的討論脈絡和主題。希望不要讓問問輕輕流走,同時也讓更多人一起分享我們小小的討論。以下的紀錄因著個人的觀點多少會有錯漏,或望有其他觀點的參與者可以指正。
因為相距太久的關係,一時間未能把握到上次討論所留下的問題,於是Jackie就以political philosophy VS political science的對揚打開討論,問Hannah Arendt 在書中是否有一種normative implication,要求我們回到一般古典或希臘式的社會政治狀態,並再問一種normative的指導可以如何確立。在我的閱讀中,Arendt 似乎並不是要達成一種normative implication,卻是要對「人類共在經驗」作一種考察。以第二章為例,Arendt 就扣緊public realm VS private realm (PR VS PR)去闡釋自由,指出只有在public realm中人類才有真正的自由。這種自由是相應於人類共同生活的相處而言的。例如人不能擺脫從高處墮下會死的定律,這種不自由或限制不是Arendt 要處理的。她現在只是要處理人與人的相處和關係。在public realm 中為自由,因為我們可以擺脫經濟、營利等差異,而平等的相處。
就此,Jackie就問,這是否等如說,Arendt 就是要做一個freedom的概念史考察?若真如此,那為何一定要以PR VS PR為討論的中心?因為在不同的傳統中,例如在Locke中,free and equal 的理解就與PR VS PR無關,卻是以人能夠透過labouring在自然中聲稱對某物的所有權(make claim to)。(事實上Arendt 對此傳統亦有注意,所以書中才有對labour的討論。)
經過一點討論,似乎Arendt並不是要做一個概念史的考察,因為她明確的指此書是要對應"What are we doing?"的問題。這就是所謂human condition(人的狀況/處境)。由此主題,就關涉到human nature 和 human condition的對立,亦觸及近代哲學發展的重要問題。Jackie引入了Heidegger和Jasper對human existence的討論,認為Arendt 的human condition有相似的性質。就Arendt文本簡單講(真係好簡),就是認為哲學要做的是問Who的問題,並不是What。What
指向一種性質的理解,就是human nature,但who不同。當然,餘下的問題是Who又究竟要問甚麼。於是Jackie就順帶提到Husserl的Cartesian meditation,認為現象學對倫理和他者的了解皆可以從此找到根源。不過時間所間,惟有按下不表。
但未回應甚麼是Who,其實並未真正解決此書性質的問題,因為在此階段我們仍然可以視它為一種對不同政治概念的歷史考察。果如此,則此書並不是哲學,而是political science。於是我們就回到第一次讀書組的問題:此書如果能被哲學地理解,那應該要基於甚麼觀點?
有幾個基本主題其實是互相關連的,分別是,甚麼是Who的問題,為甚麼在public realm才有自由,labour—property的自由是甚麼,human condition究竟是甚麼一回事。另外一個問題也相關的問題,是We的提出。Arendt 每以we去指涉共在的群體,而不是像Locke或Marx般,用人類的全稱,又不同於Heidegger、Jasper。我們相信這將涉及The Human Condition的獨特之處,就是以we的觀點出發,展示人being with/together的存在向度。
期待下次討論。
28 comments:
你好呀..可唔可以中途加入呢個reading club架?
Arendt的確是承襲Heidegger和Jaspers的思想,但考慮的是人在現實世界的生活。人在現實世界的生命,是Arendt考慮的問題,但人的生命往往被政治限定的。對於生命的討論於是從政治生命開始。
Arendt的思想事實上是很複雜的,亦有許多矛盾之處,希望有機會大家一起細細閱讀。
Kitty你好,我們基本上不反對其他人加入。但坦白說我們都有某些特定的學習背景,如果你並不了解,有可能會覺得難以進入我們的討論。當然,最實在的是你過到來參與討論,然後再自己決定是否適合。我們下次的討論將於9月21日晚上8時開始。
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